Animal+Testing+8-505

 **__Arrests To Animal Tests__**

//Abir Rayhun, Sajid Raihan, Muhamed Rahman, Madhav Bhatt, Shadman Ahmed,Md Raz, Mushfiq Hossain, Ilyes Khelaifi // //﻿8-505 //



Europe alone, 38,000 animals are being tested every year for cosmetics. Research shows that 50% of all animals tested die in a matter of weeks. The government is currently not doing anything to stop animal experimentation. However, the United States say that they are trying their best to reduce the amount of animals that are being tested. On the contrary, the only law that was passed to regulate animal testing is the Animal Welfare Act, which has no rules in place to protect species such as mice, rats, birds, and reptiles. These species make up 95% of all animals that are tested. Most of animals are only used in one experiment, but sometimes the same animal will be used in more than one experiment. Most are euthanized shortly after being used in an experiment.

The animals that scientists do have to report using in experiments include dogs, cats, sheep, hamsters, guinea pigs, and primates. Of the animals that the USDA collects numbers on, 1,438,553 were used in research in 2002. 489,262 animals that were used in research in 2002 (not including mice, rats, and birds—no one knows how many of these animals are used in research) were used in research that was either painful, distressful, or both. Most of these animals were given something that either helped take the pain away or helped them get over the pain quickly. 103,764 of the animals made to feel pain were not given anything to reduce their pain and suffering. Although some of this pain was slight—like getting an injection with a needle—some of it was extremely severe.

In labs, small animals like hamsters, rats and mice are usually kept in clear or white plastic boxes about the size of a shoebox. Animals a bit bigger, such as guinea pigs, live in larger boxes about twice the size of a shoebox. Usually, more than one animal lives in a box. Larger animals like dogs, cats, and primates usually live in wire cages. Most animals stay in their cages all the time except when they are being used in experiments.

__**TASK ONE - EXPLAINING THE PROBLEM **__

> Animal experimentation is beneficial to mankind because it help humans make scientific advancements in many areas, for example the field of medicine. However when animals are experimented on for the improvement of unnecessary products, such as shampoo, it just isn’t worth it. Animals are being tortured and killed every day, just for useless outcomes, which goes against morals and ethics. This is something that we all must take into consideration. > This problem is extremely serious because of the lack of care for these animals. Approximately 100 million animals are being experimented on every year according to www.change.org. Despite such a large number of animals being tested and tortured, only 50 drugs per year worldwide have been approved as being safe. That means that most animals are being tortured for no reason. Also, animals are being tested for many senseless and superficial reasons. In Europe alone, 38,000 animals are being tested every year for cosmetics. Research conducted by anti-animal experimentation organizations show that 50% die in a matter of weeks. Many of them are left to die in highly populated spaces. Others are forgotten to be taken care of or to be fed. Buying a new herbal shampoo to make our hair look shinier isn’t worth the death of thousands of animals. > The U.S. government is currently not doing anything to stop animal experimentation. However, the government does say that they are trying their best to reduce the amount of animals that are being tested. On the contrary, the only law that was passed to regulate animal testing is the Animal Welfare Act, which has no rules in place to protect species such as mice, rats, birds, and reptiles. These species make up 95% of all animals that are used for testing. Also, according to research done by anti-animal experimentation organizations the information gained from testing on animals can be invalid when applied to humans because they are different species, therefore a lot of the outcomes will not occur if the product were to be used on a human being. Although federal officials finance these tests, there is no law making it mandatory the product is tested on several different types of species. > There is a conflict over this issue that animal testing is cheaper than any other form of testing. However no amount of money can cover the loss of these animals’ lives. Some anti-animal experimentation groups are Mercy for Animals, PETA, PETA2 and the Great Ape Project. These groups have helped spread the word to cease of animal experimentation through commercials, investigations, celebrity involvement, and protest campaigns. There is also the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), which has tried to find alternatives to animal testing and to save the lives of animals that are being tested on under horrendous conditions. Millions of animals are being tortured or killed as a result of animal testing throughout the entire world. > Over 100 million animals are being tested each day with painful, unlawful methods. Even with all this pain, the results are very minimal. Many animals are dying in vain. The government should pass laws limiting the amount of animals that should be tested and make sure it is supervised. Although animal testing has been extremely beneficial to mankind for its advances in science and health, it has its shortcomings. It’s inconsiderate to the perspective of the animals that it effects. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi once said, “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." If our world were to be judged by this quote, no country would pass or meet the standards this quote requires.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__**Bibliography**__

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">"Animal Abuse : The Shocking Facts about Pet Cruelty." Cat Art from <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Www.best-cat-art.com. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Animal Cruelty Facts. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">"Animal Use and Abuse Statistics: The Shocking Numbers." Animals | <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Change.org. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">"Animal Welfare Act : Government and Professional Resources." Animal <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Welfare Information Center. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] level3_id=6735&level4_id=0&level5_id=0&placement_default=0>.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Baxamusa, Batul Nafisa. "Animal Abuse Statistics." Buzzle Web Portal: <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bennet, Rebecca. "The Facts of Animal Testing." The Facts of Animal Testing. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2011 EzineArticles.com. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Borade, Gaynor. "Animal Testing Facts." Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">"<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Quotes." Through Their Eyes, The National Animal Abuse Registry. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">< [] >.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TASK 2 - EXAMINING ALTERNATIVE POLICIES **__

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px -0.5in 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> The world is plagued with the death of countless of animals. The sacred lives that were bestowed upon us are being destroyed without a single thought. Albeit there are some forms of animal experimentation that are necessary (the ones that involve advances in science and health). These types are understandable as they benefit the human race. The animal testing being done by the fashion industry is the main cause of the deaths by animal testing. People are so obsessed over how they look, that millions of animals have to die for it. Our group would like to rid the world of killing animals for a human to wear once and then throw in the back of their closet. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px -0.5in 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> To solve the problem of animal testing, we have been able to find two policies. The first policy is the replacement of animals with “synthetic skin” also known as Corrositex. Corrositex is an amazing solution. It is a glass vial filled with a chemical fluid capped by a bio-barrier membrane, which is designed to copy the effect of corrosives on living skin. The individuals who proposed this policy in 1996 are unidentified, however, many groups and individuals have supported this policy such as MB Research Laboratories, PETA, and John Hopkins, one of the top educational institutes in the world. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> This method is much faster. The results can be obtained in a matter of minutes to 4 hours, unlike animal testing which takes 2-4 weeks. This method is also far more accurate then animal testing and it will also cost much less. No animals would have to be bought, no complex equipment, less workers, and it will reduce shipping costs. Many people have supported this policy. According to our surveys of 8th graders and 7th graders, 70% of shoppers would buy a product if it wasn’t tested. The 30% that wouldn’t, claim they doubt the safety of the product. However, when using this method, it wouldn’t be tested on animals. Also, animal rights groups, organizations looking for scientific advancements, and companies who could produce the equipment would support it. Only those who work in animal testing or those who breed the animals required for animal testing would not support this policy. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> There are very few disadvantages to this policy of using Corrositex. People who have made a living of testing animals for cosmetics might be fired due to them having no use. Also, people who have made money by providing animals that are to be tested would have a lower income. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> Another alternative policy to animal experimentation is the Unilever Global Company Policy. The Unilever Global Company is a worldwide company that makes and sells personal care brands such as Axe, Rexona, and Lifebuoy, and it sells home care brands such as Omo, Comfort, and Surf. This policy was put into effect in 2004. Unilever applies strict internal control procedures to ensure that animal testing only takes place when no alternatives are available. Unilever Global does not test any of their finished products on animals, unless demanded by the authorities in the few countries where this is the law. Unilever’s main alternative policy to animal experimentation is developing non-animal methods for testing skin penetration, photo-toxicity, system toxicity, skin corrosion, and skin irritation in their products. Unilever has also helped develop tools that will make non-animal testing methods for systemic toxicity possible. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> There are many advantages of this policy. One advantage is that this policy can make the Unilever Global company an animal testing free zone. This could help reduce the health risks to the 2.8 million animals that are being tested on every year. The SEAC is helping the Unilever Global company fulfill their policy as well. Scientists at the Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre have also tried finding alternatives for skin allergy and skin cancer so that consumer products can be tested on humans only. A second advantage of this policy would be that there could be more scientific advancements in the improvement of materials used in laboratory experiments every year. Scientists working at Unilever Global can also help develop new and improved tools for lab studies on consumer products. A disadvantage of this policy is that the scientists that test Unilever’s products for any flaws, may prefer testing on animals like they did before the year 2004. These scientists would oppose this policy. This may cause more arguments within the company and second thoughts may be considered for animal testing. Another disadvantage for this policy would be that funding for this policy may be very expensive because finding new methods or alternatives to animal testing is not easy. It will cost money to develop new methods or tools for testing products without using animals in the future. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> People that would be likely to support this policy would be organizations that were made to help protect abused or unwanted animals such as PETA or ALDF. Also people that care for the unwanted animals in their community or don’t think that animal testing is right would support this policy. Researchers that create products for the public without testing it on animals would support this policy and oppose against animal testing. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> People that would be likely to oppose this policy are people that breed the animals that scientists use to test products on. Those people need to make money by breeding these animals and then sending them to laboratories to be tested on. Also organizations that test their products on animals and that do not want to make alternatives to animal testing would not support this policy. Such companies would be companies that sell Pantene and Cover Girl products. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">> In conclusion, animal testing is an abomination, and it is hard to believe that something like it can still be ignored in modern day society. Animals can feel just like humans can feel, but not many people understand that. Animal experimentation has to be stopped, and it will be someday, but for now, it is important that everyone just understands how bad it really is.

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Bibliography__**

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">“Developing Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing.” Unilever Global. <span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.5in; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/consumer/testing/>.

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rayhun, Abir. Products Tested on Animals. Survey. 06 Mar. 2011.

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">"What Is Corrositex." Corrositex-In Vitro Dermal Corrosivity Test-MB Research <span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.5in; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">Labs. 19 May 2011. <http://corrositex.mbresearchlabs.com/main.htm>.

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">"Invitro International." InVitro International. 19 May 2011. <span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.5in; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><http://www.invitrointl.com/products/corrosit.htm>.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in;">TASK 3 - PROPOSING A PUBLIC POLICY **__

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 26px;"> Animal experimentation has its many demons. However, throughout history, animal experimentation has played a huge part in the development of several medications, which have saved the lives of millions. We believe that the best public policy to deal with the issue of animals being harmed during animal testing is to have their facilities inspected. Our public policy is to have facilities that deal with animal testing to be inspected on a weekly basis. If they do not pass the inspection, it will be considered animal testing abuse. The consequences for not passing the inspection and being found guilty of abusing animals during testing is to have the facility shut down until the problem has been corrected. If only a few individuals have been accused of wrongdoing, then they will be fired, banned from owning a pet and then jailed depending on the severity. The people who will inspect the facilities are government employees, not working for an agency but to ensure that animals are being treated well. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> The level of government that would carry this law out would be the state government because each state can take care of their own animal testing issues, instead of having the federal government take care of all the burdens. Also each state has its own laws dealing with the consequences of animal cruelty so each state can take care of their own problems dealing with animal testing cruelty. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> Many people may be confused as to where the line is drawn to separate what is necessary in animal experimentation, and what is simply just too much. To make it clear, a harmless experiment among animals, like testing to see what a rat does in a maze if it were confused is fine. It does not cause any pain or discomfort. However, an experiment where the animal experiences discomfort or pain of any sort, like a fish out of water, or how much medicine it takes to kill a group of rats it completely out of question. Unfortunately, these types of events have occurred often. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> Having animal testing facilities inspected weekly is a very advantageous public policy because it simply forbids any experiment in which animals are harmed to the point in which it is considered unnecessary and irrelevant to the cause of the experimentation. It also makes sure that he animals are taken care of properly outside of the experiment. The policy is basically a compromise. We gain the knowledge to make scientific advancements and the animals are not injured to a point in which it is irrelevant to the results of the research. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> Although it has many benefits, it is a bit flawed. For example, if a person that conducts an extreme experiment on a group of animals that will experience pain, they can simply state that they were unaware that the animal was in pain. However, a possible solution to this flaw is to formulate an experiment with only one animal, analyze the results, and see if there are better, more accurate methods of obtaining the same results. One problem that exists is that some companies may consider this policy as an invasion of one’s workplace and privacy. This may result in several lawsuits attempt against the state government. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> This policy proposed isn’t unconstitutional, because it does not violate citizen’s rights. It does not interfere with a person’s beliefs, it does not limit speech, it does not invade privacy of one, and it does not discriminate. It is just asking for one not to harm any animal beyond the scope of their experimentation. It is just requesting that animals be treated better in a more controlled environment. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">> There are many people and organizations that would support this policy. This policy would provide jobs for many people. For example, inspectors will be hired and it will help ensure the safety of our fellow animals. Also, there are organizations that are against animal testing such as PETA, and Mercy for Animals that would support it. According to the survey of 8th and 7th graders we conducted, 80% of people have used 6 popular items: Vaseline, Oral B, Lysol, Ponds, Adidas, and Crest, 90% of them were unaware that they were tested on animals, and 73% of them would still buy product even if it was not tested on animals. According to our survey, a high percentage of people would support our cause and believe this policy is a step in the right direction.

<span style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Bibliography__** Constitution | LII / Legal Information Institute." LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. Web. 13 May 2011.  <http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/overview>.aboratory-inspections.html>.

"Cruelty Laws." Stray Pet Advocacy. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.straypetadvocacy.org/cruelty_laws.html>.

Murnaghan, Ian. "Laboratory Inspections - About Animal Testing." Informed Discussion on Animal Welfare in Animal Testing at About Animal Testing (UK). Web. 13 May 2011. <http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/l"U.S.

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;">__**TASK 4 - DEVELOPING AN ACTION PLAN**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #008080; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">> From the many statewide policies that have been created to oppose animal experimentation, we created our own policy to end abusive animal experimentation in New York State. This policy creates a safe method in which experiments are able to take place without any harm being done to the animals being used.> We plan to gain momentum for our policy among the public by gathering groups in one place, and showing them the effects of animal experimentation. These gatherings will take place in many locations around New York, such as Central Park, Battery Park, Roosevelt Island, etc. In order to inform the people that such an event was going to take place, we will place fliers all around the subway. In addition, we will hand out the fliers we received from PETA, which reveal what goes on in animal experimentation.> Once our policy has gained some support from the public, we will use them to get to the council members like Peter Koo, Peter F. Vallone Jr. and others. We will ask them to bring the idea to the City Council of their respective boroughs. With the council member's permission, we will go to the state senate to propose our policy, where it will be decided whether or not it becomes a law.> Our plan to get our policy accepted by the state senate is to advertise to the public. If we can get the public to accept the idea of our policy, then we can show the state senate that the citizens of the state actually want the policy to go through. We can do this by conducting surveys, which show whether or not the public thinks that the policy would be a very good idea.> We will give out fliers showing what the policy would do, so that the policy would be known publicly. We will also gather signatures on petitions. While gathering the support of the public, we can also gather the support of organizations like PETA or PCRM by writing to them. We will ask them for fliers and other forms of communication with the public, which really show what happens to the animals once they are experimented on.> Our policy is a policy bill. The first step of our plan is to first get it through the State Senate. After it goes through the State Senate we will then go to the Governor with our approved bill. If the Governor accepts the idea as a bill, it will hopefully become a law. It will then be enforced by the state and our bill will be successful. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">**__Bibliography__** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">“Branches of Government in New York State” “ New York State Senate. New York State Senate, 23 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">May 2006. Web. 06 May 2011 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">__[]__ >. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">“How a Bill Becomes a Law.” “New York State Senate. New York State Senate, 23 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">May 2006. Web. 06 May 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">__[]__ >.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">//People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA): The Animal Rights Organization |// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">//PETA.org//. Web. 19 May 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><http://www.peta.org/>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">//Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) - Neal Barnard, M.D.,// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">//President//. Web. 19 May 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0066cc; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><http://www.pcrm.org/>.